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Tom Broadhurst IKERBASQUE EHU-UPV

Discovery: The most distant dwarf galaxy detected so far

Posted on May 28, 2023May 28, 2023 by info

An international team, including the Ikerbasque research professor of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and associate of  Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Tom Broadhurst, used the high resolution of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) combined with a powerful gravitational lens to conclude that the galaxies that formed in the early universe were typically very small, indicating a hierarchical process of evolution from dwarf galaxies gradually merging together as a result of mutual gravity, until massive galaxies such as our Milky Way were formed. The study has just been published in the journal Science.

By analysing the spectra of several galaxies in the distant Universe, the team was also able to confirm the detection of the most distant dwarf galaxy found to date. As Broadhurst explains, “this tiny, very low luminosity galaxy is one of the first to form, only 500 million years after the Big Bang, when the volume of the Universe was about a thousand times smaller than it is today.”

Broadhurst is part of an international team with a large allocation of JWST time for the study of stars and galaxies in the distant universe through gravitational lensing, a method that uses massive objects, such as clusters of galaxies, to magnify in brightness and size the targets behind them. Earlier this year, the team had already measured the spectrum of several stars and galaxies using this technique, “and we were very excited when we detected this very high redshift galaxy.” The latest observations enabled the team to confirm that “the distance estimate of this galaxy is 100% reliable, because we were able to recognise distinctive elements in its spectrum, such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and neon, which come from its hot gas.”


Lucky strike

Measurements of the size of this galaxy have revealed that it is a very low-brightness dwarf galaxy located 13.2 billion light years away. These measurements were made “thanks to the high-resolution of the James Webb Telescope combined with the magnification power of a massive cluster of galaxies located in the foreground which acts as a giant lens”, explained the professor. Broadhurst is an experienced spectroscopist and an expert in gravitational lensing, so his work has involved “interpreting the spectrum and estimating the amplification of this galaxy by using a model of the gravitational field of the large cluster of galaxies acting as a lens in this case.”

As the researcher explained, “this galaxy was not our primary target, but fortunately it appeared in the images obtained with the James Webb, so we decided to add it to our list of targets for follow-up spectroscopy.” This serendipitous discovery has led the team to conclude that “it is highly possible this type of small low luminosity dwarf galaxy is typical of the first galaxies to form in the early Universe, rather than the bright galaxies claimed by other groups that do not use gravitational lensing.”

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Descubrimiento de la galaxia enana más lejana detectada hasta ahora

Un equipo internacional, del que forma parte el profesor Ikerbasque de la UPV/EHU y asociado al Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Tom Broadhurst, utilizó la alta resolución del Telescopio Espacial James Webb (JWST) combinada con un poderoso lente gravitacional, para concluir que las galaxias que se formaron en el universo primitivo eran normalmente muy pequeñas y que, en un proceso de evolución jerárquico, estas galaxias se fueron fusionando por gravedad mutua hasta formar galaxias masivas como nuestra Vía Láctea. El estudio acaba de ser publicado por la revista ​Science.

Mediante el análisis de los espectros de varias galaxias en el Universo lejano, el equipo ha podido confirmar además la detección de la galaxia enana más distante encontrada hasta la fecha. Según explica Broadhurst, “esta galaxia pequeña y de muy baja luminosidad es una de las primeras que se formaron, solo 500 millones de años después del Big Bang, cuando el volumen del universo era unas mil veces menor que el actual”.

Broadhurst forma parte de un equipo internacional que cuenta con una gran asignación de tiempo del JWST para estudiar estrellas y galaxias en el universo lejano a través de lentes gravitacionales, un método que utiliza objetos masivos, como cúmulos de galaxias, que magnifican en luminosidad y tamaño los objetos que se encuentran detrás. A principios de este año, el equipo ya había medido el espectro de varias estrellas y galaxias mediante esta técnica, “y nos sentimos muy emocionados al detectar una galaxia con un desplazamiento al rojo muy elevado”.  Las últimas observaciones permitieron al equipo confirmar que “la estimación de la distancia de esta galaxia es fiable al 100 %, porque hemos sido capaces de reconocer elementos distintivos en su espectro, como hidrógeno, carbono, oxígeno y neón, que provienen de su gas caliente”.


Golpe de suerte

Las mediciones del tamaño de esta galaxia han revelado que se trata de una galaxia enana de muy baja luminosidad situada a 13.200 millones de años luz. Estas mediciones han sido realizadas “gracias a la alta resolución del telescopio James Webb combinada con el poder magnificador de un cúmulo masivo de galaxias que se encuentra en primer plano, que actúa como una lente gigante”, explica el profesor. Broadhurst es un experimentado espectroscopista y experto en lentes gravitacionales, por lo que su trabajo ha consistido en “interpretar el espectro y estimar la amplificación de esta galaxia, mediante un modelo del campo gravitatorio del gran cúmulo de galaxias que actúa como lente en este caso”.

Según explica el investigador, “esta galaxia no era nuestro objetivo principal, pero afortunadamente apareció en las imágenes obtenidas con el James Webb, por lo que decidimos añadirla a nuestra lista de objetivos para una espectroscopía de seguimiento”. Este descubrimiento fortuito ha llevado al equipo a concluir que “es muy posible que este tipo de galaxia enana y poco luminosa sea típica de las primeras galaxias que se formaron en el Universo primitivo, en lugar de galaxias más brillantes como afirman otros grupos que no utilizan lentes gravitacionales”.

Trebeki LeQuid
Tom Broadhurst IKERBASQUE

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